Essay on The History Of Arts And Crafts - 5478 Words

Ønbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The distinction between ‘Craft’ and ‘Design’ can be at times problematic explain what you understand these terms to mean, and illustrate their application in relationship to the work of one practitioner. The definition for craft is, the making of decorative or functional objects, generally by hand. Hand and power tools may be used, however, in making some craft items. The term crafts also refers to the objects made. The function of crafts is generally concerned with crafts as creative hobbies, practiced primarily in the home with a minimum of specialized equipment. Crafts as so defined, have certain functions. In a world that is becoming increasingly mechanized and standardized, they give people the†¦show more content†¦Called the Arts and Crafts Movement, it urged a new appreciation for decorative, handmade products. The movement did a great deal to bring about todays interest in handicrafts, often as a hobby, for limited production of quality goods. Whether as a hobby or a vocation, handicrafts encompass activities that require a variety of skills. They also usually require some equipment and, because they do, the term handicraft may seem misleading. Knitting, for example, requires the use of needles. Among the common handicrafts are model building, needlework, lace making, pottery, woodworking, scrimshaw (whale- and walrus-bone carving), ornamental metalworking, glassblowing, and the making of stained glass, jewellery, and mosaics. Handicrafts as a hobby have become a major industry. There are packaged kits for models of ships, automobiles, airplanes, rockets, military vehicles, human anatomy, birds, and animals; painting; mosaics; needlepoint; embroidery; and crafts that use plastics, wood, leather, textiles, metal, cork, wool, yard goods, and laces. Kits for chemistry, biology, physics, astronomy, and the earth sciences represent the sciences. Some hobbyists reject the use of kits as too commercial. They use their own materials, often-discarded goods, for their craft. A quilt, for instance, can be made from squares of colourful cloth sewed together. Rugs can be made on a handloom from old rags.Show MoreRelatedHistory of Graphic Design1765 Words   |  7 PagesHistory Graphic Design History Graphic Design Similarities of Different Graphic Designs Graphic design is an art that entails visual communication, which tends to combine words, images or even an idea in an effort to bring out some information to an audience. Graphic designers effectively put their art and profession mainly in the design of graphics, logos, and posters among other forms of visual communication. In addition, these designers assist in creation of continuity among the differentRead MoreHistory of American Art Education Essay1572 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloping nation, and art education was no exception to this. In order to come to terms with the impact of Western culture on American art education, it is important to chronicle the progression of art education throughout Europe. Spanning centuries, the political, social, and economic development of European nations, each played an important role the philosophies of art education, which in the long run, affected American ideas concerning the subject. Thoughts about art changed and evolved inRead MoreEssay on Englands Arts and Crafts Movement1130 Words   |  5 PagesOverview The Arts and Crafts Movement originated in England in the 1860s and became popular in the United States during the 1880s. Many important architects, designers, and historians had a part in establishing the popularity of the movement. The goal behind the reform was to â€Å"change the working conditions of craftspeople while improving the quality of design† (Harwood, May, Sherman, 2012). During this time, industrialization was rapidly increasing, and the Arts and Crafts era focused on designRead MoreThe Bauhaus : Art Education By Influencing Graphic, Interior, And Typography Design1096 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bauhaus affected art education by influencing graphic, interior, and typography design. It is said that it inspired the rise of many other art schools. In this paper there will be specific information discussed to help each reader in understanding the history of the Bauhaus. Let’s start with a little bit of the back-story of the Bauhaus and its founder Walter Gropius. In 1919 the Bauhaus, a German word meaning house of building, was a school founded in Weimar, Germany by architect WalterRead MoreA Historical View of Egyptian’s Mathematics System800 Words   |  4 Pagespyramids, tombs, art crafts, and using math to solve the flood on Nile Valley. Egypt was striving for a new era to come along with their mathematical achievement. As history has it, Egypt was the land of lands and great art with their high pyramids. During the year 3000 BC when two nations decides to come in one nation so that the nation of Egypt can be under one king. Since Egypt has become under one nation; the land and it’s’ people grew and develop their work of arts and crafts. Researchers O΄ConnorRead MoreContemporary Artists : Art No Authority Can Tell Your Own Body With A Knife1733 Words   |  7 Pagescompositional and legibility rules of graphic design – his style can be summarized by the phrase â€Å"expressive deconstruction.† Anything from grunge, to street art, to carving writing into your own body with a knife is considered Contemporary Design. In this world of art no authority can tell you what you’re allowed to do. With the definition of art so stretched, it really gives a lot of freedom to those of the contemporary time period to express a wide range of ideas. Contemporary Artists are becomingRead MoreResearch Paper on Contemporary Craft Person Daniel Kuhn1122 Words   |  5 Pageswould spend 2 weeks throwing and a week of firing. Those were long 8 hour or more and I loved it. Duke is a functional potter and that is the side of slay he teaches. Very little history was taught during those intensives, we were there to learn how to make and fire and we did.† While learning and honing his skill in the craft of ceramics and styles such as Raku, Kuhn had graduated from California University of Pennsylvania with a B.A. in Ceramics and Printmaking in 2001. With the desire to practiceRead MoreCreativeity and How the Skill Builders Assist This Process: Montessori959 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment One Book four: Write a essay on creativity. Discuss aspects off: Young children being in the process of creating themselves. The making of objects of art and crafts, a. How the Montessori â€Å" skill builders† assist point 1 and 2 above. Creativity is the making of anything and children are less interested in the product than they are interested in the process. They are learning without an outcome in mind and will construct meaning to any skill acquisition or concept as it requiresRead MorePraise of the Scribe Essay987 Words   |  4 PagesPraise of the Scribe’s Profession Written by Cynthia Washington, Student And U.S., Africa and World History 201, Section 1 Tuesdays and Thursdays 9:25-10:40 September 6, 2012 From what the reader know, and what historians know Egypt is one of the greatest civilizations to ever emerge in this world. A society ruled by divine kingship, and belief in polytheism. It was not because of what the Egyptians did but more so of what was left behind for other readers and educators to see. ConsideringRead MoreArt Deco And Buhaus Essay993 Words   |  4 PagesArt deco and Bauhaus are best known as the forms of art that changed previous views of artwork during the 1920s and 1930s. Both of these forms of art impacted not only art itself but also architecture, fashion design, graphic design and industrial design. During this time new inventions involving technology where becoming popular along with the new forms of art and sculpture. A major effect on modernity occurred along with the designs being created during the 19th and 20th century due to the invention

Essay on Transformation of Marriage - 2309 Words

Abstract The marriage revolution has been a controversial issue since the dawn of time, and all that are and have been involved with â€Å"matrimony† are aware of the issues of the future. There can be no denying that the culture of marriage has changed. This very course is itself a great example of this fact. Much like any other sociological subject of any real concern, there are many â€Å"opinions† related to this issue. This paper will attempt to highlight marriage seen as the sociological transformation, marital erosion versus evolution, and why many people fail at marriage and what does it take to be successful in greater detail. This will allow you, the readers, to make up your own minds regarding this extremely multifaceted issue.†¦show more content†¦So the assumed stabilities of 40 or 50 years ago — the Ozzie and Harriet world that most people refer to, if they ever existed, certainly dont exist now. Social conservatives blame divorce, cohabitation, illegitimacy, and the demise of the traditional family for societys ills, from poverty, crime, and juvenile delinquency to the moral decay and destruction of the American way of life. In the 1970s, marriage was at its lowest but by the late 1990s there was a reappearance of marriage, seen in the leveling off of the divorce rate. Although the claims for the value of marriage by conservatives and gay-rights proponents quot;were from two ends of the spectrum, they came together — at least at the rhetorical level — for what marriage...accomplishes and how crucial it is as a social institution.quot; (Gallagher, 2002) Historic change in American matrimony is especially pronounced in three areas: the equalizing of the respective rights and duties of wives and husbands, the dissolution of marital prohibitions based on race, and the evolution from state-defined grounds for divorce to couple-defined no fault divorce. The most recent area of debate is whether the state should sanction marital consent between same-sex couples. Although such a prospect is unthinkable to some, earlier forms of legal marriage are equally unimaginable now. AsShow MoreRelatedThe Word History Transformation of Marriage - Answers1964 Words   |  8 Pages×”× ¡Ã—˜×•×“×  Ã—Ëœ________________________ × ªÃ—â€" ___________ ×â€"ומ× ¨ ×”×Å"ימוד ×Å"מט×Å"×”: ×â€"וב× ¨Ã— ª ×Å"מידה-Part 1 (ב× §Ã—•× ¨Ã— ¡ המ× ªÃ—•× §Ã— ©Ã—‘ : ×Å"ומדה –Part 1 ) ×  Ã—™× ªÃ—Ÿ ×Å"×”×™× ¢Ã—â€"× ¨ בטי× ¤Ã—™×  × ©Ã—  Ã—ž× ¦Ã— Ã—™×  ב× Ã— ªÃ— ¨ ×Å"יד הממן http://telem.openu.ac.il/courses/2012b/c61133/ The World Historical Transformation of Marriage Eye-catching features 1. Check (() the eye-catching features that appear in this text. source of the text date of publication √ title √ subtitle or information under the title author’s name biographical information about theRead MoreThe Word History Transformation of Marriage - Answers1980 Words   |  8 Pages×”× ¡Ã—˜×•×“×  Ã—Ëœ________________________ × ªÃ—â€" ___________ ×â€"ומ× ¨ ×”×Å"ימוד ×Å"מט×Å"×”: ×â€"וב× ¨Ã— ª ×Å"מידה-Part 1 (ב× §Ã—•× ¨Ã— ¡ המ× ªÃ—•× §Ã— ©Ã—‘ : ×Å"ומדה –Part 1 ) ×  Ã—™× ªÃ—Ÿ ×Å"×”×™× ¢Ã—â€"× ¨ בטי× ¤Ã—™×  × ©Ã—  Ã—ž× ¦Ã— Ã—™×  ב× Ã— ªÃ— ¨ ×Å"יד הממן http://telem.openu.ac.il/courses/2012b/c61133/ The World Historical Transformation of Marriage Eye-catching features 1. Check (() the eye-catching features that appear in this text. source of the text date of publication √ title √ subtitle or information under the title author’s name biographical information about the authorRead MoreThemes in Taming of the Shrew1433 Words   |  6 Pagestroop of actors performs is the story of Petruchio, who wants to marry for money, and Katherina, the shrew. The two actually marry and Petruchio uses his skills to â€Å"tame† Kate. This comedy of Shakespeare’s covers the themes of disguise, marriage, and transformation. The first recurring theme throughout The Taming of the Shrew is disguise. This theme is demonstrated by multiple characters in both the outer play and the inner. In the outer play, the lord dresses Sly up as a lord and makes the pageRead MoreBeauty And The Beast Analysis1750 Words   |  7 PagesThe Injustice of Transformation in Beauty and the Beast Jeanne-Marie LePrince de Beaumont’s Beauty and the Beast weaves a romance narrative with conflicting feminist and antifeminist tones much more complex than the distillations frequently seen in popular culture. Particularly in the transformation scene, de Beaumont plays with gender stereotypes through her manipulation of dialogue and diction. Suddenly, the story loses the potency of its original message about disregarding external appearancesRead More Anne Sexton912 Words   |  4 Pagesbrilliance of his predecessors, Anne Sexton does the same in her collection of poems entitled Transformations. She renovated fairy tales as told by the Brothers Grimm by adding her own life experiences and view of contemporary culture, hammering away until she built an entirely new art form. Anne Sexton has had a notable effect upon the literary genre of fairy tales through this shocking transformation of classic tales. Anne Sexton was born in Newton, Massachusetts on November 9, 1928 to RalphRead MoreTheme Of Taming Of The Shrew1116 Words   |  5 PagesVictorian notions of gender roles and marriage. At the beginning of the play, Katherine is revealed as the rebellious outsider because of her seeming outlandish character. She is openly rude to Petruchio and her father is concerned about the prospects of her marriage. She poses a threat to the masculine nature of the society because she presents herself as an equal or even as superior to the men in the society. Therefore, it becomes necessary that she settles in a marriage with a man of Petruchio’s demeanorRead MoreThe Transformation Of Social Structure, Values And Personal Relationships1471 Words   |  6 Pagesvalues really as developed as we believe? The transformation of Austen’s Emma to Clueless highlights the fixed nature of our social structure, values and personal relationships. Through this comparison it becomes evident that many of our current beliefs are not as dissimilar to Austen’s period as we may have thought. Emma depicts marriage as the focus of a women’s life with all achievements and skills of a woman being employed to further her marriage prospects. It is clearly evident that this isRead More Marriage in Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesMarriage is presented in Shakespeare?s play The Taming of the Shrew, in a complex manner allowing readers to view the play literally as a brutal taming or ironically as a subversive manifesto. Yet, Shakespeare intends to present marriage to be full of mutual love where neither male nor female dominate but compliment each other thriving together in a loved filled relationship. The portrayal of a deep understanding, which exists in an analogical relationship and the gentle transformation, which occursRead MoreEmma Clueless915 Words   |  4 PagesESSAY PLAN: TRANSFORMATIONS ( EMMA/CLUELESS Intro: C appropriates E’s 19th Century context into a contemp. Beverley Hill’s society embedded in material availability and conspicuous consumption. o Austen’s PURPOSE not changed ( C ( satire of context and human nature ( C has other purp. ( Question value and validity of texts ( POMO TRANSFORMATION THESIS: The transformation of a text helps develop and mold new meaning to its counterpart, and hence deepen the understanding ofRead More`` Their Eyes Were Watching God `` By Joseph Campbell961 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatest of which are her marriages to Logan and Jody. Janie’s grandmother, Nanny, is on her own journey to make sure that she sees her granddaughter married. Nanny states to Janie, Yeah, Janie, youse got yo womanhood on yuh...Ah wants to see you married right away (Hurston 12). Here, Nanny is insinuating that Janie is becoming a woman. Janie’s newfound womanhood along with Nanny’s pressure for Janie to marry could be considered as Janie’s call to adventure. Janie’s first marriage to Logan Killicks,

PLC Free Essays

The main stages of the product life yes are: Start Up – introductory phase of a lunch of a product Growth -? new entrance are attracted into the market Turbulence – where increasing product capacity result in overcapacity, and then turmoil in the market resulting in shakeout Maturity -where demand and supply in balance Decline – where the market is saturation and therefore replacement or new product development is required. Start up When proton first launched their product in the market there’s lots of uncertainty from consumer during that time. Since it’s new, there’s no guarantee of the success of the brand. We will write a custom essay sample on PLC or any similar topic only for you Order Now Start-up phase is where allocation of trust needs to be in consumers mind because Proton was facing great competition with famous, successful car brand out there. Competing with these is not easy. Since proton already know about the market environment and their competitors Proton was smart, to segment their Proton brand to economy or affordable car market. Sales of proton during this phase was low due failure to meet demand in the market. Growth The successful launch and introduction of the Xerox, the first truly Malaysian MAP in 2009, helped to improve the total production volume from 157,643 nits to 173,057 units. Although it is new, the Xerox alone has contributed to 20% of the total volume in its first year of production, a testament of its high demand. In July 2010, the new Xerox Special edition was launched and continued to capture the MAP segment with its enhanced styling and product specification. The Saga will also be upgraded by having a two phase facilitate, the first facilitate targeted in November 201 0 with minor appearance modification and a second involving an engine upgrade in 201 1. This facilitate is planned despite its continuing streak of high bookings. In fact in the last financial year, the Saga was a best seller several times for the Malaysian automobile market; due to its impressive selling points of consistent quality, value for money and reliability. The launch of the Persona ‘Elegance’ in March 2010 is another example of PROTON’s commitment to continuously improve its products. The Elegance is equipped with better specifications including a bit ACE which means increased functionality, better engine performance and increased diagnostic capabilities. These combined with an enhanced stylish body kit, alloy rims and interior trim leather makes the Elegance a much sought after car in its class. We expect the Elegance to continue its reign as one of the top revenue generating models in our stable. Efforts to improve productivity and quality remain a core focus within the Manufacturing Division. Quality levels improved in 2009, and with the increase in production volume, we are also taking steps to raise our productivity index. In term of market shares, the company’s market share later grew to 65% in 1987. Proton maintained a majority market share in the following years, which peaked in 1993 at 74% with over 94, 100 units sold. Turbulence The financial year 2009/2010 has been a challenging yet exciting year for proton. They started cautiously in the wake of the drastic market slowdown due to the 2008 global economic crisis. This had severely affected the automotive industry domestically and globally. Market analysts had originally forecasted an 1 1% decline in total industry volume growth in 2009 as compared to 2008 due to the effect of the economic downturn. And Automobile sales in Malaysia plunged from 404,000 units in 1 997 to 163,851 in 1 998 due to the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. Proton’s revenue and profits ere severely affected, but a majority market share was still maintained into the early 20005. Maturity New sales and product distributions Effectively, PROTON gained an additional 2% market share, increasing to 28% from 26% in the previous year. This marked improvement of 13% increase in overall performance was primarily driven by the popularity of four core models namely the Saga, Persona, Xerox and Austria Neo. These made up 94% of the total registration. The Saga continued to be the lead model amongst the top four PROTON models and had managed to become the best-selling model in Malaysia for 3 institutive months from January 2010 to March 2010. With better systems and improved processes in place, the overall monthly average of unregistered stock against registered ratio remained healthy at below 1 month, resulting in better cash flow. Decline The mid-asses witnessed a decline in Proton’s revenues and sales. In 2006, Proton’s market share was 32%, down from 40% in 2005. Proton lost its majority domestic market share for the first time in 20 years to Periods, the second Malaysian automobile manufacturer. Factors which contributed to the fall of Proton included the revision of the National Automotive Policy (NAP), Proton’s newer indigenously designed models (I. E. The Proton Wag, Gene-2 and Saws) which were poorly designed and manufactured compared to the former Mediumistic-based Protons and stronger competitors, specifically Periods with their best-selling Mimi which launched in 2005. Both Proton’s total sales volume and market share failed to recover to its pre-2002 figures and Periods remained the domestic market leader from 2006 onwards. Business Risk Factors Corporate and Operational Risks Corporate risks are primarily risks caused by external events that have potential impact on the strategic decision or activities of the Group. The Board is responsible in ensuring that the corporate risks of the Group are identified proactively. This was performed via product development, quality improvement and process improvement programs. Operational risk is defined as the risk of loss resulting from inadequacy or failure of internal processes, people and system. As the Group progresses towards operational excellence, the Group faces a multitude risks relating to financial risks, vendor capacity and capability in achieving business objectives. Appropriate measures were undertaken to ensure that controls are in place to avoid any sorption Of operations. Export Market Risks Proton conducts its businesses across regions. This exposed the Group to risks such as changes in market regulation, infringement of Intellectual Property Rights (PR) and stiff market competition which may impact the Group’s ultimate objectives. As the Group’s future lies in expanding into the export markets, it is imperative that efforts are taken to ensure that a risk faced by the organization is effectively managed. Various risk assessments were performed in the year in review specifically for our operations in China, Middle East and Sean. Updates on mitigation plan were reported to the GRAM and BRIM respectively on a quarterly basis. Business Environment Risk Business environment risk is inherent in all businesses. The strengthening global call for reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is now widely acknowledged in both developed and developing nations and is a catalyst for the â€Å"Green Vehicle† concept to be promoted. In view of this challenge, the Group has deliberated the challenges and opportunities in the green technology and ways to catapult this idea into a feasible end state. How to cite PLC, Papers

Fav instrument free essay sample

The flute family is the oldest of the woodwind family. The size of the tube has changed to respect Its bore shape. During the Renaissance, the flute was a simple wooden tube shape with an embouchure hole and finger holes. The bore of the baroque flute was adjusted to a slightly pointed conical shape with the larger range at the embouchure hole and the smaller radius at the bell end (History of the Flute). One of the most famous contributors of the modification of the flute is Debatable Boone. He was the son of a goldsmith and used that trade to his advantage.Boone started making improvements to the flute such as adding more keys to the instrument and making the flute itself out of metal (19th Century). There are many famous flute players in the world but Debatable Boone stands out the most since he also helped to improve the flute. We will write a custom essay sample on Fav instrument or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Boone took flute lessons with Johann Nepotism Sparkler and after two short years Sparkler told him that there is nothing left to teach Boone. From 1812-1818, he was first flautist of the royal Greathearted. From 1830- 1848 he was first flautist of the royal court orchestra In Munich.He started huge encore tours which lead him among other places to Vienna, Prague, Dressed, Berlin, Leipzig, Z;rich, Geneva, Venice, Strasbourg, London, and Paris. He Is recognized as the best flautist In Germany besides Foretaste In Dressed (Debatable Boone). Another famous flautist is Trio Anthony Dwyer. She is the former principal flute in the Boston Symphony Orchestra. She is also the first woman to be permanently selected to a principal chair of a major symphony orchestra. Dwyer has previously studied flute under Ernest Leigh, George Barrier, William Candid, and Joseph Marino.Also, she was a member of the National Symphony and the Los Angles Philharmonic, and now currently a charter member of the Boston Symphony Chamber Players (Trio). Some famous composers of the flute include Mozart and Bach. They both came from deferent eras. Mozart was part of the Classical Era and Bach was part of the Baroque Era. The essence of the Baroque was filled with a feeling of community and collectivity. In keeping with Baroque practices, each movement of the Christmas Oratorio (Bach) Is monotheistic.New compositional methods indicated the Classical music period of the Age of Enlightenment. The sonata form, achieved by Mozart, was its perfect manifestation. The emphasis was on drama and contrast within each movement through the introduction of multiple themes and rhythms, dynamic changes and discontinuities, and an emphasis on development of the musical elements (Coleman). Another famous composer of the flute was F. D. Kulak. His style reflected the Late Classical-Early Romanticism Period. He was not a flutist but he did become one of the most well-known flute composers of his time period.His flute pieces include flute solos, flute with piano, flute duets, trios, ND groups, and chamber ensembles which Included flute (Classical Flute Composer). Some famous flute repertoire Included Bachs Orchestral Suite No 2 in B minor. It featured an obbligato flute throughout the piece. Other pieces Included Debussy Syrian, Bribers Flute Concerto, and Mozart Concerto for the flute and harp (Garrison). Other repertoires for the flute included Opulences Flute Sonata and Verses Density pieces such as Concerto in A Minor for recorder and 2 violins, REV 108 (ear. Or flute and strings), Flute Concerto in F Major, Pop. 10, No. 5, REV 434, and Concerto in C Major or 2 flutes, strings and basso continuo, REV 533 (Vivaldi). Gunter Schuler also wrote well-known concerto for the flute. The concerto is cast in the traditional fast-slow- fast three-movement format. The opening movements generally energetic thematic material, alternates with a more poetic, flowing waltz like second subject. The second movement begins with vague cymbal shimmering and quiet vibraphone and marimba tremolos, from which very slowly the solo flute and other orchestral Instruments emerge.

How to Write a Successful Job Application Essay

A job application essay could be more effective than a regular resume or CV as it includes a call-to-action. The goal is not just to list your skills and experience, but to motivate an employer to pick you out of the pool of other candidates. You should show all your qualities in the best light as competition on the recruiting market is rather harsh, especially when it comes to senior positions. You’ll have to get your work cut out. In this post, we will explain how to compose great job application essays: from the purpose of this document and things you have to reveal to its detailed structure. What Is a Job Application Essay? Definition by Expert A job application essay (a.k.a. admission essay or supporting/personal statement) is an integral part of most job applications nowadays. The length of this document should not exceed 2 pages depending on the applicant’s skills and experience. The purpose of this document is to help college applicants showcase their academic professional expertise and skills that meet the requirements of the specific position. Many candidates confuse a job application paper with a resume. While a resume is a brief summary of the candidate’s skills, qualifications, work experience, education, and achievements; a job application is rather a narrative explaining why you might be the best candidate for the job. Unless you were invited to work for the organization, you should come up with a powerful job application package that includes a resume/CV, job application essay, and cover letter. In some cases, you may also need a follow-up and thank-you letter. How to Write a Good Job Application Essay: Basic Info We have analyzed more than 20 top positions in the United States and the United Kingdom to find out which qualities a worthy candidate should possess. Most of the market belongs to business-related organizations, so most of the modern employers value MBA diploma most of all. According to the feedback obtained from numerous recruiters and HR managers, an average applicant should have these qualities: Leadership; Collaborative nature; Critical thinking; Emotional intelligence; Integrity; Creative approach; Global viewpoint; Self-awareness; Time management; Community orientation. On the whole, you should understand that a job application is a legal document, and requires less creativity and more formal tone. You should not go into details while listing your professional qualities and skills. At the same time, a resume contains even fewer details. While a job application essay looks like a complete story, a resume is a statement of bare facts about the candidate. The primary goal is to help the employers to compare and contrast all the candidates to pick the best one. How to Start a Job Application Essay: Pre-Writing Stages Before you actually start writing, you should check examples of successful application essays for a job. Try to find the ones that were written for the position you’re interested in. Also, it is critical to read the prompt (in the case of job application essay, it is the description of job vacancy) several times to understand what exactly the hiring managers expect to see. Consider the relevant keywords and use them in your paper. Usually, those are the specific skills: from creative to technical. Prepare a draft before writing the final version of your essay. Unlike a college essay, there is no need to come up with a specific topic or title, but you can make it a narrative for a creative position like the author of books or designer. Get ready with your portfolio as it might be useful to submit it along with the rest of the application documents. Then, develop an outline based on the paper’s structure. How to Structure a Job Application Essay Properly The first thing to mention about a job application essay structure is its chronological order. It means that, for example, in the section about your employment history, you should start with your earliest experience mentioning the dates and place of work and finish with your last position and responsibilities. On the whole, an outline for this paper looks like an outline of an ordinary essay, but the content is different (more selling): Introduction; Main point 1 (and three more supporting points); Main point 2 (and three more supporting points); Main point 3 (and three more supporting points); Also, you should include your contact information before the title and introduction. In the upper-left corner, add such details as your name and last name, physical address (full), phone number, email address, and date. After that, add the basic info about the employer (name, title, organization, address). Things to Include in Your Job Application Essay Introduction An introduction has to be as brief as possible. It is a general statement introducing the candidate and specifying the job of his or her interest. You may also shortly explain why you would like to work as this expert in the particular field. The good idea is to mention how you learned about the vacancy (online, magazine, word-of-mouth, ad in a subway, etc.) One more recommendation is to list 3-5 job responsibilities from the vacancy description to prove that you understand what you’re applying for. What to Write in the Job Application Essay Body In the first body paragraph, state the reason for applying as well as why you believe you’re the best applicant. In the second paragraph of your body, explain what you can offer to the recruiting agency. We recommend creating bullet lists with your qualifications that match the vacancy best of all. Do not forget to use the highlighted keywords! Use specific examples from real life and professional career to prove your competence in the chosen area. Unite all the body paragraphs with the help of transition words. Job Application Essay Conclusion to Leave a Positive Impression Do not forget about good manners to leave a positive impression always thank the potential employer for dedicating some time to reading your application. Admit how you plan to follow up.  The best way is to start with the word, â€Å"sincerely,† and then conclude with your signature and typed signature. If you find it hard to cope with your job application essay or wish to make sure the paper is excellent before submitting it to the employer, hire professional writers or editors from our writing team. For a reasonable price, you will get a polished application essay for your success!

Big Story Essays - Talia Al Ghul, Free Essays, Term Papers

Big Story Essays - Talia Al Ghul, Free Essays, Term Papers Connor Johnson Mr. Pollard Creative Writing P. 6 12/3/15 Wind whistled softly through the trees of the Renruin forest. Their long leaf fronds and sacks of unusual orange and green fruits susurrating in lazily created a quiet hum that some might find annoying. A gust of wind from the east sent a cluster of leaves shooting upward and like dancing girls spiraled back down to earth landing on the bare foot of a tall slender woman. As the light of the sun fighting its way through the tree leaves, She lifted her face, her long auburn hair pushed behind her head and held in a loose knot. Outstretching her hand, she let the light and shadows dance across her fingertips. Large dangerous looking red and black insects droned while hovering in and out of the shadows of the trees. The woman inhaled the minty smells of the Renuin and continued on, delighting in the sound of her bare feet sliding through the leaves. As she continued to walk, she lifted her face smiling, the heat of the sunbeams warming her skin. Its been awhile since I checked the map I must be getting close. The woman leans against a tall dark walnut tree, and set her deer hide pouch on the ground alongside her roughly made oaken bow. Opening the sack, she fished around, fetching an old worn folded piece of paper ripped and stained darker in some areas from water damage. She unfolded it, crackled, dust and paper pieces. Damn I need a new one, she thought as she examined the faded ink on the page. Wow, she thought, I shouldve kept walking its about a mile away. If this person isnt still here Im going to kill someone. I need this money. She folded her map, and stored it away in her pouch. as she pulled her hand out her fingertips brushed up against another sheet of paper, this one much thinner. She drew it from the bag, and opened it up. Talia, it read, You have proved to be quite the ally when it comes to ridding ourselves of the evil of this world. While your methods are not conventional and could very well be considered illegal, Im willing to offer you my friendship and pardon for your actions. I do feel that is payment enough for what I am about to ask you, but I know your kind dont do anything for free. She Along with this letter you should receive 500 gold pieces. Now this should more than compensate for your travel to Port Vicrion and back as well as leave a hefty sum for your personal gain. Now for the actual mission. Weve gotten word of a man or group of men that is forcing its way through our major cities taking control of our sports arenas. We are losing money from this, and I know someone like you understands the importance of money. We cannot let our men go after those monsters it would create too much insecurity among the people, but if we send you, you could assassinate with ease, and end this mater ra ther quickly. I am begging you here. This needs to end one way or the other. God speed, Lord Hildeguard Talia smiled slightly, I hate rich people, but hey its money, and it feels good to be wanted. Talia packed her things, and got to her feet, stretching and letting out a long yawn. She picked up her bag and began to jog, running no deftly on her feet she could barely be heard. Just a few minutes later the sound of people could be heard, and the loud crashing of water. Water, Talia moaned, Im so thirsty. As Talia neared the town walls, she could make out the voices easier. It wasnt just the normal town chatter and bickering; it was screaming. What the heck? Talias pace quickened, she ran quickly into the town scaling a small hut with ease pulling her bow off her back. She quickly scanned the horizon of the city, and saw a small cloud of dust or smoke in the northeastern corner of the city. Talia bounded along the rooftops, making sure to keep a solid footing, while keeping herself

Political Theory of Locke and Rousseau Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political Theory of Locke and Rousseau - Essay Example According to Rousseau, the development in the field of science and arts led to the destruction of human virtue and morality. This is one statement which led many thinkers to contemplate on in the future theoretical world. This thinking of Rousseau, also bestowed upon him fame and recognition. Rousseau claim is that human beings by nature are virtuous but got corrupted during many historical events. He became a prominent figure in history of philosophy due to his unique contribution emphasizing on natural state of human .According to Rousseau, human beings are good by nature, but the social conventions have corrupted them along the history. In his article (Younkins) writes that â€Å"According to Rousseau, in the state of nature, people tended to be isolated, war was absent, and their desires were minimal and circumscribed† Rousseau reestablishes the necessity of a governed body to monitor the social security and needs of human beings. According to him state would have been â⠂¬Å"class state† with no rights to poor and weak in the absence of Government. The Social Contract† one of his controversial work on political philosophy has raised many debates among his counterparts Age of Enlightenment and Locke The Age of enlightenment is a movement in 18th century where all the intellect raised awareness among societies to reform and adapts oneself to natural and liberal state. In the age of enlightenment, the social and political scenario of central European societies was pathetic, as the power was in the hands of rich and elite. When it comes to Locke and Rousseau, both had prominent role to play in reforming the society. One of the philosophers Locke can be considered as pioneer of â€Å"Age of enlightenment† and his book called... Age of Enlightenment and Rousseau The theories of Rousseau had a significant role to play in enhancing the â€Å"Age of enlightenment†. Like Locke, Rousseau believed and put forward the natural rights of human beings and liberty as ideal principles of society. During, the age of enlightenment, Rousseau along with the other thinkers and philosophers questioned the dominating authority of church and state alike. Rousseau is a thinker, who did not believe in an authority, who need better quality of life than other. According to him, all has the right to live on the earth with equal power and freedom. However the government’s role comes in to play to preserve the rights of the property. When these messages were passed on to the society, people got enraged and a revolution broke out. Thinkers like Rousseau have had a majestic role to play during the age of enlightenment. Rousseau’s main statement is that human are basically good by nature but the historical and social conventions corrupt them in the long run. This is where the weak and the less able got awakened and a powerful enlightenment movement started. The age of enlightenment put forward the rationality and reasoning as a major force in human -kind, as nature is not self – ordering. This rational based â€Å"age of enlightenment â€Å"spread to the West from France and ignite awareness among the Americans. This in later times, led to the independence of America. Finally we could analyze that Locke being an advocate of â€Å"liberalism† and Rousseau being the pioneer of the â€Å"Age of Enlightenment† has contributed invaluably for the social upgrading of human rights and freedom in West So it can be well said that Locke and Rousseau are the cornerstone in political theory and age of enlightenment movement.

Say-on-Pay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Say-on-Pay - Essay Example And will it reduce the situations where pay for failure takes place?† Shareholders are the owners of any given firm or company and the interest of the operations of the firm is always at their heart. They would not wish to impact negatively on the firm’s performance at any time, as this is likely to translate into losses. Furthermore, this is not a good happening for shareholders as they are interested in the returns that their investments are likely to bring. A talk on the aspect of say-on-pay is much in place since it has become a daily activity among investors to lay check on their employees. Most companies are today acting to ensure that the performance of their employees is commensurate to the returns they expect. Moreover, excellent performance results from an employee; this depends on how they are handled in terms of their welfare, remuneration and work environment. This study in its efforts to respond to the statement laid down above has to undergo a series of testing procedures of the hypothesis. This will involve a study on the thesis; the study will take varied approaches and methods. Since the practice is still new, it means there are no adequate secondary data hence observations of the few companies, which have employed the practice, would aid us in making deductions about the raised questions. Strict rules have to be laid down against executive compensation; this is because without this the executive are capable of embezzling shareholders’ funds. The fact that executives normally take the advantage of the separation that exists between the ownership and the management makes this even worse. Therefore, such a study is important for the following reasons. One, the study will give us the clear relationship that exists between pay and performance. Moreover, strategies or required changes are recommended in the process. The study will also clear the air as to whether there is any significant change when shareholders conduct a voting system to

International Business and Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Business and Anthropology - Essay Example A further development of this notion sheds light on the vast applications of anthropology and how the theories, concepts, and knowledge of this discipline can assist the operations of international business. Even though, the amalgamation of international business and anthropology may appear to be a novel concept to the masses, the role of industrial and cultural anthropologists in organizations can be traced back to as early as the 1930s (Hamada 2; Ferraro 10). Ferraro and Andreatta define cultural anthropology as a systematic study of the similarities and differences between cultures on the basis of various features and characteristics (10). Accordingly, the research process for cultural anthropology is classified under the categories of basic research and applied research in accordance with the design which governs other subjects of social science (Ferraro and Andreatta 19). Kedia and Willigen state that career opportunities for anthropologists within the context of international b usiness are endless with a special focus on employee development, growth and training prospects (251). A cultural anthropologist can opt for a range of positions within a business organization such as international business consultant, cross-cultural consultant, international economic development worker and an international human resources manager amongst several others (Ferraro and Andreatta 19). Of utmost importance to international business is applied anthropology which aims to comprehensively prepare and effectively equip practitioners with relevant perspectives, theories and learning of anthropology to ensure that this knowledge is applied for uncovering the solutions to the problems of the real world (Peoples and Bailey 412). Kedia and Willigen identify three key capabilities and proficiencies that anthropologists can promote within an organization to maximize value, these areas are classified as; 1) vast scope of knowledge and information about culture and its related concept s, 2) expertise in ethnography and its application and 3) focused knowledge regarding specific cultures such as the ability to communicate with various groups of individuals (251). While the first two components that have been identified in the aforementioned discussion are indeed important in business operations, the anthropological expertise that is most relevant within the context of international business is a practitioner’s ability to understand, examine and communicate with individuals belonging to a variety of cultures. Kedia and Willigen understand the dynamics which have led to the globalization of business and how these observations translate to business activity and organizational performance, for example, strategic actions that are taken to enhance a company’s ability to reach its aims, goals, and objectives such as a plan for expansion in another country has several anthropological implications (257). In order to successfully expand its operations in anoth er country, an organization must examine the distinct needs of its business landscape by employing the services of a cultural anthropologist.

Effect of Microhardness on Chemical Degradation

Effect of Microhardness on Chemical Degradation Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chemical degradation media associated with brushing on surface roughness (Ra) and Knoop microhardness (KHN) analyses of different composites. Material and Methods: Eighty specimens were prepared for each composite: Grandio SO (Voco), Amaris (Voco), Filtek Supreme (3M/ESPE), Filtek LS (3M/ESPE). The specimens were divided into four groups according to the immersion in chemical degradation media for 7 days: artificial saliva (control), heptane, 0.02M citric acid, 70% ethanol. The surface of specimens was submitted to 10950 brushing cycles (200g load) in an automatic tooth-brushing machine with abrasive slurry. Surface roughness and microhardness measurements were obtained at baseline, after immersion in chemical degradation media and after brushing. Data were submitted to three-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey’s test (pResults: The KHN means for composites were: Grandio (153.5 ±35.9)a, Filtek Supreme (87.0 ± 24.9)b, Amaris (64.5 ±24.5)c, LS (69.0 ±15.3)c; for storage media: artificial saliva (97.3 ±46.7)a, ethanol (93.3 ±49.9)a, citric acid (95.8 ±42.1)a, heptane (87.6 ±36.7)b; and after treatments: after chemical degradation (104.8 ±49.7)a, baseline (93.8 ±42.5)b, after brushing (81.9 ±36.5)c. The Ra results for composites were: LS (0.15 ±0.25)a, Grandio SO (0.19 ±0.24)ab, Filtek Supreme (0.20 ±0.22)ab, Amaris (0.23 ±0.37)b; for storage media: artificial saliva (0.18 ±0.31)a, heptane (0.18 ±0.25)a, ethanol (0.20 ±0.26)a, citric acid (0.21 ±0.28)a; and after treatments: brushing (0.11 ±0.14)a, after chemical degradation (0.23 ±0.32)b, baseline (0.24 ±0.32)b. Conclusions: Brushing after chemical degradation reduced surface roughness values. In general, chemical degradation did not affect composites roughness, but microhardness was significantly reduced. Heptane produced the biggest reduction in composites microhardness. Clinical Relevance: The food-simulating solutions and brushing simulating alter the composites properties, and these alterations are material-dependent. Keywords: composites, chemical degradation, brushing, Knoop microhardness, surface roughness. Introduction Improvements on the composition and mechanical properties of resin-based materials along with increased esthetic demands have resulted in the enlarged use of direct composite restorations in anterior and posterior teeth [1,2]. These improvements provided more strength and durability to the composite restorations under the conditions of the oral environment. Most of the available composites contain a polymer matrix of dimethacrylate monomers, such as Bis-GMA, UDMA, and TEGDMA (organic phase), inorganic filler particles (dispersed phase) coated with a methyl methacrylate-functional silane coupling agent to bond the filler to the organic matrix, a photoinitiator system to allow photoactivation by light units and other minor additions including polymerization initiators, stabilizers and coloring pigments [3-5]. However, the critical oral environment conditions (pH changes or humidity) may increase the composite biodegradation over time [6]. Under oral conditions, dental materials may be exposed either intermittently or continuously to chemical agents present in saliva, food and beverages [1]. Previous studies have shown that some dietary foods and beverages can cause surface degradation of restorative materials [7-14]. Their constituents can soften the organic phase and promotes disintegration of the dispersed phase, altering the surface hardness [1,15]. Besides of chemical environment, the toothbrushing is another condition that influences the longevity of composites restorations in vivo. Although toothbrushing plays an important role in oral hygiene, the effects of abrasion constitutes another important issue on dental materials wear processes, which can result in alterations in surface roughness, loss of contour, staining and plaque retention [16]. There are several types of composites nowadays, such as nanohybrid, nanofill and microhybrid, which have the similar polymer matrix composition. However, the inorganic phase (size, type and distribution of filler particles) are different. Therefore, the effects of chemical degradation liquids and toothbrushing on surface roughness and microhardness of these types of composites must be reported. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chemical degradation associated with toothbrushing on surface roughness and microhardness of different composites. The null hypothesis tested was that the immersion in chemical degradation media and brushing are not able to modify the surface roughness and microhardness of the tested materials. Material and Methods Specimens preparation Eighty cylindrical specimens of each composite were fabricated (shade A3) using a metallic matrix with 2 mm in height and 3 mm in diameter. A mylar strip was placed over the composite and pressed with a glass plate to provide a flat surface, being removed after curing. The composites were applied in increments of 2 mm and cured on the top surface using LED photocuring unit (Elipar Freelight 2, 3M/ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) at 1200 mW/cm2 power density, activated for 40 s. After curing, they were stored in individual containers with deionized water for 24 h. Then, they were polished using a sequence of 1200, 2400 and 4000 grit aluminum oxide abrasive disks (Extec, Enfield, CT, USA) in a polishing device (DP-10, Panambra, Sà £o Paulo, Brazil). After polishing, all the specimens were immersed in deionized water at 37  ºC for 24 h. Four direct restorative materials were tested, as described in Table 1. Knoop microhardness measurements The microhardness measurement was performed with a microhardness tester (FM-700, Future-Tech, Tokyo, Japan), Knoop tip, under 25 g load for 10 s. Three indentations were performed 100  µm apart from each other, at the surface of the specimens. The means were determined as Knoop Hardness Number (KHN). Surface roughness analysis The mean surface roughness (Ra) was evaluated using a profilometer (MaxSurf XT 20, Mahr, Goettingen, Germany). The diamond stylus moved 2.5 mm long starting the first measurement 0.2 mm from the lower area of specimen. Three profile measurements were performed for each specimen at intervals of 0.25 mm and a final average was used. The mean Ra values were determined with a cut-off value of 0.8 mm, a transverse length of 0.8 mm, and a stylus speed of 0.1 mm/s. Chemical degradation media immersion The specimens of each composite were randomly divided according to the food-simulated substances tested (n=20). The solutions tested are mediums recommended by FDA (1976) to be used as food-simulating liquids [17]. Heptane P.A. (Synth – Labsynth, Diadema, Sà £o Paulo, Brazil) was used to simulate butter, fat meals and vegetable oils. Citric acid 0.02M (Synth) simulated beverages, vegetables, fruits and candies. Ethanol 70% (Zulu Hospitalar 70% Companhia Nacional de à lcool, Piracicaba, Sà £o Paulo, Brazil) simulated alcoholic beverages and mouthrinses. Artificial saliva was used as control and prepared according to Gohring et al. [18] using 22.1 mmol/l hydrogen carbonate, 16.1 mmol/l of potassium, 14.5 mmol/l sodium, 2.6 mmol/l hydrogen phosphate, 0.8 mmol/l boric acid, 0.7 mmol/l calcium, 0.4 mmol/l thiocyanate and 0.2 mmol/l magnesium. The specimens were kept in individual vials with 2 ml of each solution for 7 days at 37  ºC. After this period, the specimens were washed thoroughly, and stored in deionized water at 37  ºC, for 24 h. The microhardness and surface roughness were evaluated. Brushing protocols Subsequently, the experimental units were subjected to brushing abrasion in an automatic toothbrushing (TB) machine (ODEME Biotechnology – Joaà §aba, Santa Catarina, Brazil) which imparted reciprocating motion to 6 soft bristle toothbrush heads (Sanifill Ultraprofissional, Hypermarcas – Sà £o Paulo, Brazil). This apparatus provides linear brushing movements across the specimens at a speed of 120 cycles per min at 37 °C, with a double pass of the brush head over the surface. The top surface of resin composites cylinders were submitted to 10950 brushing stokes under a vertical load of 200 g with abrasive slurry, simulating one year of clinical situation [19]. The abrasive slurry consisted of fluoridated dentifrice (Colgate Tripla Aà §Ãƒ £o, Colgate-Palmolive, Sà £o Paulo, Brazil) and artificial saliva, in a ratio of 1:3, by weight [20]. Toothbrushes were replaced after the completion of each brushing cycles. After brushing, the specimens were kept in deionized water at 37 ºC, for 24 h. At the end of this protocol, the microhardness and surface roughness was obtained. Statistical analysis This experiment followed a factorial scheme of the 4x3x4 type. The experimental variables under study were composites [Grandio, Amaris, Filtek LS, Filtek Supreme], time [baseline, after chemical degradation (CD) and after brushing (TB)] and the food-simulating media [artificial saliva (AS), heptane (H), citric acid (CA) and ethanol (E)]. The variable responses were the mean roughness measurement value obtained in profilometer, and the average of three microhardness readings. Data were submitted to statistical analysis using the computer software Statistica for Windows (Statsoft, Tulsa, OK, USA). The inferential statistics consisted of three-way repeated measures ANOVA (composites, time, and chemical degradation media), in which the variable time was considered as a repeated factor, followed by Tukey’s test. The level of significance was the conventional value of 5%. Results Microhardness evaluation The mean KHN values of the composites after chemical degradation media are shown in Figure 1. The application of RM-ANOVA showed significant differences for the factors composites (p=0.0001), time (p=0.0001) and chemical degradation (p=0.0001). Grandio SO composite presented the highest KHN values for all times tested. Amaris and Filtek LS exhibited values significantly lower than Filtek Supreme and Grandio SO (Table 2). For the chemical degradation media factor, the immersion in heptane produced the lowest microhardness means, compared to the other tested media (Table 3). Regarding the different times, the microhardness (KHN) values significantly increased after immersion in chemical degradation media and decreased after brushing, compared to baseline means (Table 4). Surface roughness analysis The means of roughness surface (Ra) for the composites are shown in Figure 2. The application of RM-ANOVA showed no significant differences for composite (p=0.034) and time (p=0.626) factors. The roughness means obtained for Amaris composite were significantly higher than Filtek LS. Grandio SO and Supreme exhibited intermediate means (Table 2). For the chemical degradation media, no significant differences were obtained for surface roughness (Table 3). The Ra means after brushing were lower than at baseline and after chemical degradation CD (Table 4). Discussion The chemical environment is one aspect of the oral conditions which has an appreciable influence on the in vivo degradation of composites [21]. Some chemicals substances from food and drinks can lead to surface degradation of composite restorations, resulting in unaesthetic appearance and increased surface roughness, accelerating the wear of dental materials [22,23]. This degradation is mainly due to the softness of composite matrices with exposure to organic acids and various food and liquid constituents [24,25,12]. Previously published studies have reported that acidic conditions show a tendency to degrade glass ionomer cements, polyacid modified composite resins, and composite resins [9,26,10,27,11]. The present study was performed to investigate the Knoop microhardness and surface roughness of four composites, before and after simulating oral conditions. Hardness is defined as the resistance to permanent indentation or penetration [28,1]. It is used to predict the wear resistance of a material and its ability to cause abrasion opposing tooth structure [28]. The composites exposed in food-simulating media can suffer chemical softening, reducing their physico-mechanical properties. Changes in the composite hardness usually occur within the first 7 days after exposure to chemical solutions [21]. Therefore, this study conducted the initial readings of the hardness in the specimens after post-cure [1], and another reading after the exposure period of immersion. In the present study, specimens stored in heptane showed significantly reduction in microhardness, as also observed previously [14,28]. Heptane simulates butter, fatty meals and vegetables oil [14,1] and may damage the resin matrix,[12,28] producing cracks in the interface, and consequently, weakening the material.[14] It is questioned if alcohol-containing beverages may compromise the longevity of composites restorations [29], since it presents the potential of damaging polymers [1,12], by fully penetrating the resin matrix and promoting the release of unreacted monomers [13]. The partial dissolving of the resin matrix may result in the degradation of the filler-matrix interface, thereby impairing the flexural strength and hardness [14]. In this study, the concentration of ethanol solution (70%) was used according to previous [28] but it showed no significant effect in the microhardness of composites. The differences in hardness values compared to previous studies could be related to the surface characteristics of the composites, filler distribution and conversion rate [30]. Furthermore, the period of 24 h of storage before immersion in ethanol may lead to complete polymerization of the composites, reducing the presence of unreacted monomers on the surface [1,14]. The effects of intraoral organic acids, as citric acid, besides producing tooth erosion, can cause surface degradation of composites [9], favoring the breaking of bonds in Bis-GMA molecules of composites [24,11]. Despite of others studies that citric acid reduced the hardness of composites [7,9], in this study no differences were observed in the microhardness of the composites when immersed in citric acid for 7 days. Nevertheless, the period of storage may have been insufficient to promote differences in the mechanical properties of the specimens’ surface [7,14]. Differences in microhardness means among the composites exposed to the tested solutions were found and are related to their composition and particle content [14,29]. Grandio SO, Filtek Supreme and Amaris have similar matrix composition (Bis-GMA, UDMA, TEGDMA), however, differ in size and amount of filler particles (Table 1). The higher resistance of Bis-GMA to the degradation effects of immersion media can be explained by the fact that bis-acryl resin composite materials contain bifunctional acrylates, which cross-link to provide increased mechanical strength and resistance to weakening in the presence of solvents [28,31]. Grandio SO and Filtek Supreme present nanoscale particles, which provide better mechanical resistance compared to hybrid resins, superior polishing than microfilled resins, higher strength and reduced polymerization shrinkage [32]. Due to their nanoscale, these materials showed the highest microhardness values in this study. By the other hand, Filtek LS is constituted of silorane, with quartz and yttrium fluoride as inorganic filler, which increased hydrophobicity and reduced water sorption [33]. Differences in microhardness among Filtek LS and others composite could be attributed to the lower filler content (76% w/w), as observed by Yesilyurt et al. [14]. Therefore, the differences in composites compositions could have contributed to the differences in hardness. After simulated toothbrushing, there was a reduction in microhardness values. This fact may be due to changes on the surface of the resin matrix when immersed in the solutions before brushing. According to a previous study [2], the immersion in food-simulating media increased the exposure of filler particles by softening the matrix. Additionally, toothbrushing can change the surface of composites [2,34,35]. In clinical situation, the consumption of food or beverages occurs before brushing habits, making this association clinically relevant. Although an increase of the composite surface roughness and degradation after brushing have been previously reported,[2] significantly lower roughness means were obtained after brushing in this study. Likewise, previous studies showed that most of composites did not present significant changes by the immersion on chemical degradation media in surface roughness over time [2,9,15]. This study found differences on surface roughness of mycrohybid, nanofill and nanohybrid composites, as results of their differences in their compositions. Filtek LS, myycrohybrid composite, had the lowest surface roughness, probably due to low filler content. Filtek Supreme e Grandio SO had an intermediate smoother texture, whereas Amaris showed the roughest surface. Nevertheless, despite of these initial differences, the immersion in chemical solutions did not interfere in the final surface roughness. However, interaction between immersion in food-simulating media and simulated brushing decreased surface roughness, as observed by Turssi et al. [20] This may be attributed to the reaction of the solutions with the polymer matrix. Toothbrushing after the immersion on food-simulating media resulted in the removal of part of the organic matrix around the loosen fillers [2]. Then, the softened matrix have become mixed with the abrasive slurry, decreasing its abrasive potential [20]. Roughness surfaces of composite favors the accumulation of plaque, gingival inflammation, superficial staining and secondary caries. It is noteworthy that the effect of brushing on the composites depends on several factors, such as the type of toothpaste, type and shape of the brush bristles, the proportion of deionized-water solution, as well as speed and weight applied during simulation process. As these parameters were standardized for all groups, it can be suggested that the surface roughness varies with the size, hardness and percentage of composite particles, as reported previously [20,36]. The different treatments tested resulted in alteration of composite properties, and these alterations were material-dependent; thus, the null hypothesis tested was rejected. The present study is important for guiding the improvements of the present composite resins against the challenges they will face during clinical service. It is also relevant to state that esthetics represents only one of the reasons for composite resin restorations failure. Improvements in other areas such as bonding degradation, material deterioration and ability to prevent caries progression/activity should be also considered. Conclusion According to the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that: The microhardness means of the tested composites were influenced by the material; Toothbrushing reduced Ra values of the materials tested, but the solutions used for chemical degradation did not affect the results. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Liberalism And Freedom Essay -- essays research papers fc

Liberalism and Freedom Liberalism is a force that has produced change from the birth of this nation to the politics of today. Liberal tenets have been a basis of thought and action in American politics since well before the signing of the Constitution. Certainly, liberalism has had to transform in order to remain a legitimate force throughout the years. When considering this transformation, one may ask whether or not the ideas and goals of classical liberalism have been lost in the conversion into modern liberalism. In order to answer this, the areas of freedom, the role of government, human nature, and the function of law should be addressed. While this may not be a complete register of change in liberalism, research into these subjects can provide strong indications toward the nature of this transition. Objectively, the evidence suggests that many of the ideas of classical liberalism were either abandoned or changed fundamentally when America entered the modern era. Freedom The idea of freedom has been a paramount concern of liberalism throughout history. Consider the classical ideas of religious freedom, the right to resist and the inherent right of every individual to be independent. These were some of the main focuses of classical liberalism in early America. On religious freedom, seventeenth century minister Roger Williams wrote: "All Civill States with their Officers of justice in their respectiveconstitutions and administrations are proved essentially Civill, and therefore not judges, governours or defendours of the spirituall or christian state and worship." (Volkomer, 50) This quote is notable because it illustrates the early liberal ideas of religious freedom by stating that government officials have no right to pass judgment on religious practices. In furtherance of his views, Williams founded a colony at Plymouth and contributed to the development of religious tolerance in the new world. Religious tolerance meant that a nation with multiple religions need no longer mean a country with internal strife and civil insurrection due to intolerance (Volkomer, 1969). The notion of religious open- mindedness helped pave the way for individual independence by suggesting that people were able to determine their own fundamental beliefs. The right of ind... ...rrelationship helps ensure liberalism's role in bringing about change in the future. Bibliography An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law: New Haven; Yale University Press, 1922 The Relevence of Liberalism; Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 1978 Beiner, Ronald: What's the Matter With Liberlism? University of California Press, Los Angeles, 1992 De Tocqueville, Alexis: Democracy in America; Penguin Books Ltd., Middlesex, England, 1984 Dewey, John: Liberalism and Social Action; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1935 Dietze, Gottfried: Liberalism Proper and Proper Liberalism, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1985 Dunbar, Leslie: Reclaiming Liberalism, WW Norton & Co., New York, 1991 Gerstle, Gary: "The Protean Nature of American Liberalism", The American Historical Review, October 10, 1994, American Historical Review, New York, New York Kotkin, Joel: "What's Wrong With Liberalism"; The American Enterprise, Jan/Feb 1996 Vol. 7 No. 1, The American Enterprise Institute, Washington D.C. Lewis, Edward: A History Of Political Thought, The Macmillan Co., New York, 1937 Mansfield, Harvey: The Spirit of Liberalism, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1978